Kuponyedwa kwa thupi la valve ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakupanga ma valve, ndipo khalidwe la ma valve limatsimikizira ubwino wa valve.Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa njira zingapo zoponyera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makampani a valve:
Kuponya mchenga:
Kuponyera mchenga komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakampani opanga ma valve kumatha kugawidwa kukhala mchenga wobiriwira, mchenga wowuma, mchenga wagalasi wamadzi ndi furan resin wodziumitsa mchenga molingana ndi zomangira zosiyanasiyana.
(1) Mchenga wobiriwira ndi njira yopangira pogwiritsa ntchito bentonite ngati chomangira.
Makhalidwe ake ndi awa:chikombole chamchenga chomalizidwa sichiyenera kuuma kapena kuumitsa, nkhungu yamchenga imakhala ndi mphamvu zinazake zonyowa, ndipo mchenga wa mchenga ndi chipolopolo cha nkhungu zimakhala ndi zokolola zabwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuyeretsa ndi kugwedeza zoponyera.The akamaumba kupanga dzuwa ndi mkulu, mkombero kupanga ndi lalifupi, zinthu mtengo ndi otsika, ndipo ndi yabwino kukonza msonkhano mzere kupanga.
Kuipa kwake ndi:castings sachedwa kuwonongeka monga pores, inclusions mchenga, ndi mchenga adhesion, ndi khalidwe castings, makamaka khalidwe mkati, si abwino.
Gawo ndi ntchito tebulo mchenga wobiriwira castings zitsulo:
(2) Mchenga wouma ndi njira yowumba pogwiritsa ntchito dongo ngati chomangira.Kuonjezera bentonite pang'ono kungapangitse mphamvu yake yonyowa.
Makhalidwe ake ndi awa:nkhungu yamchenga imayenera kuumitsidwa, imakhala ndi mpweya wabwino, simakonda kuwonongeka monga kuchapa mchenga, kumata mchenga, ndi ma pores, ndipo khalidwe lachilengedwe la kuponyedwa ndi labwino.
Kuipa kwake ndi:pamafunika zida zowumitsira mchenga ndipo nthawi yopanga ndi yayitali.
(3) Mchenga wa galasi lamadzi ndi njira yopangira magalasi amadzi ngati chomangira.Mawonekedwe ake ndi awa: galasi lamadzi limagwira ntchito yowumitsa yokha likakhala ndi CO2, ndipo limatha kukhala ndi maubwino osiyanasiyana a njira yowumitsa gasi yopangira ma model ndi kupanga pachimake, koma pali zolephera monga kuwonongeka koyipa kwa chipolopolo cha nkhungu, zovuta pakuyeretsa mchenga. castings, ndi otsika kusinthika ndi recycling mlingo wakale mchenga.
Gawo ndi ntchito tebulo lamadzi galasi CO2 kuumitsa mchenga:
(4) Furan resin wodziumitsa mchenga ndi njira yoponyera pogwiritsa ntchito furan resin ngati chomangira.Mchenga wowumba umalimba chifukwa cha zochita za mankhwala a binder pansi pa zochita za mankhwala ochiritsira kutentha.Chikhalidwe chake ndi chakuti nkhungu yamchenga siyenera kuuma, yomwe imachepetsa kupanga ndikusunga mphamvu.Mchenga wopangira utomoni ndi wosavuta kuphatikizika ndipo umakhala ndi zinthu zabwino zosokoneza.Mchenga woumba wa castings ndi wosavuta kuyeretsa.Ma castings ali ndi kulondola kwakukulu komanso kumalizidwa bwino kwapamwamba, komwe kumatha kupititsa patsogolo mtundu wa castings.Kuipa kwake ndi: zofunika zapamwamba za mchenga waiwisi, kununkhira pang'ono komwe kumapangidwira, komanso kukwera mtengo kwa utomoni.
Gawo ndi kusakaniza kwa furan resin osaphika mchenga osakaniza:
Kusakaniza kwa mchenga wowumitsa utomoni wa furan: Ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito chosakanizira cha mchenga mosalekeza kuti utomoni udziumitsa wekha mchenga.Mchenga waiwisi, utomoni, wochiritsa, ndi zina zotero zimawonjezeredwa motsatizana ndikusakanizidwa mwamsanga.Ikhoza kusakanikirana ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi iliyonse.
Dongosolo lowonjezera zopangira zosiyanasiyana mukasakaniza mchenga wa resin ndi motere:
Mchenga waiwisi + wochiritsa (p-toluenesulfonic acid aqueous solution) – (120 ~ 180S) – resin + silane – (60 ~ 90S) – kupanga mchenga
(5) Njira yopangira mchenga:
Kuyimitsa kolondola:
M'zaka zaposachedwa, opanga ma valve apereka chidwi kwambiri pakuwoneka bwino komanso kulondola kwazithunzi.Chifukwa maonekedwe abwino ndiye chofunikira kwambiri pamsika, ndiyenso chizindikiritso choyambirira cha makina.
Kuponyera kolondola komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makampani a valve ndikuponya ndalama, komwe kumayambitsidwa mwachidule motere:
(1) Njira ziwiri zopangira yankho:
① Kugwiritsa ntchito nkhungu yopangidwa ndi sera yotsika kutentha (stearic acid + parafini), jekeseni wa sera wochepa mphamvu, chipolopolo cha galasi lamadzi, kuthira madzi otentha, kusungunuka ndi kuthira mumlengalenga, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ngati chitsulo cha kaboni ndi chitsulo chochepa cha aloyi chokhala ndi zofunikira zonse. , The dimensional kulondola kwa castings akhoza kufika muyezo dziko CT7~9.
② Pogwiritsa ntchito nkhungu zokhala ndi kutentha kwapang'onopang'ono, jekeseni wa sera wothamanga kwambiri, chipolopolo cha silika sol, kutentha kwa nthunzi, kuthamanga kwamlengalenga kapena kusungunula kwa vacuum, kulondola kwazithunzi kumatha kufika ku CT4-6 mwatsatanetsatane.
(2) Njira yodziwika bwino yoyendetsera ndalama:
(3) Makhalidwe a kuponya ndalama:
①Kuponya kumakhala kolondola kwambiri, kosalala komanso mawonekedwe abwino.
② Ndizotheka kupanga magawo okhala ndi zovuta komanso mawonekedwe omwe ndi ovuta kuwongolera ndi njira zina.
③ Zida zoponyera sizochepa, zida za alloy zosiyanasiyana monga: chitsulo cha kaboni, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, chitsulo cha aloyi, aloyi ya aluminiyamu, aloyi kutentha kwambiri, ndi zitsulo zamtengo wapatali, makamaka zida za alloy zomwe zimakhala zovuta kupangira, kuwotcherera ndi kudula.
④ Kusinthasintha kopanga bwino komanso kusinthika kolimba.Itha kupangidwa mochuluka, komanso ndiyoyenera kupanga kachidutswa kamodzi kapena kakang'ono.
⑤ Kuyika ndalama kumakhalanso ndi malire, monga: kuyenda movutikira komanso nthawi yayitali yopanga.Chifukwa cha njira zochepa zoponyera zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito, mphamvu zake zothamanga sizingakhale zapamwamba kwambiri zikagwiritsidwa ntchito poponyera ma valve opyapyala.
Kusanthula Zowonongeka Zoponya
Kuponyedwa kulikonse kudzakhala ndi zolakwika zamkati, kukhalapo kwa zolakwikazi kudzabweretsa zoopsa zazikulu zobisika ku khalidwe lamkati la kuponyera, ndi kukonza kuwotcherera kuti athetse zolakwika izi popanga kupanga kudzabweretsanso kulemetsa kwakukulu pakupanga .Makamaka, ma valve ndi zoponyera zipolopolo zopyapyala zomwe zimapirira kupanikizika ndi kutentha, ndipo kusakanikirana kwa mapangidwe awo amkati ndikofunika kwambiri.Chifukwa chake, zolakwika zamkati za castings zimakhala zomwe zimakhudza mtundu wa castings.
Zowonongeka zamkati za ma valve castings makamaka zimaphatikizapo pores, slag inclusions, shrinkage porosity ndi ming'alu.
(1) Mabomba:Pores amapangidwa ndi mpweya, pamwamba pa pores ndi yosalala, ndipo amapangidwa mkati kapena pafupi ndi pamwamba pa kuponyera, ndipo mawonekedwe awo amakhala ozungulira kapena oblong.
Magwero akuluakulu a gasi omwe amapanga pores ndi awa:
① Nayitrogeni ndi haidrojeni zomwe zimasungunuka muzitsulo zimakhala muzitsulo panthawi yokhazikika, kupanga makoma ozungulira ozungulira kapena ozungulira amkati okhala ndi zitsulo zonyezimira.
②Chinyezi kapena zinthu zosasunthika zomwe zimapangidwira zimasandulika mpweya chifukwa cha kutentha, kupanga ma pores okhala ndi makoma amkati akuda.
③ Panthawi yothira zitsulo, chifukwa cha kuyenda kosasunthika, mpweya umakhudzidwa kupanga pores.
Njira yopewera matenda am'mimba:
① Posungunula, zitsulo za dzimbiri ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pang'ono momwe zingathere kapena ayi, ndipo zida ndi ma ladle ziyenera kuphikidwa ndikuwumitsidwa.
②Kuthira chitsulo chosungunuka kuyenera kuchitika pa kutentha kwakukulu ndikutsanuliridwa pa kutentha kochepa, ndipo chitsulo chosungunulacho chiyenera kukhazikika bwino kuti gasi aziyandama.
③ Mapangidwe a chokwera chotsanulira ayenera kuonjezera kupanikizika kwa mutu wachitsulo chosungunula kuti apewe kutsekeka kwa gasi, ndikukhazikitsa njira yopangira gasi kuti itope mokwanira.
④Zida zomangira ziyenera kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi kuchuluka kwa gasi, kuchulukitsa mpweya, ndipo nkhungu yamchenga ndi phata la mchenga ziyenera kuphikidwa ndikuwumitsidwa momwe zingathere.
(2) Mphepete mwabowo (yomasuka):Ndizogwirizana kapena zosagwirizana zozungulira kapena zosaoneka bwino (cavity) zomwe zimachitika mkati mwa kuponyera (makamaka pamalo otentha), ndi mkati mwa mkati ndi mtundu wakuda.Njere za kristalo zowoneka bwino, makamaka ngati ma dendrites, zosonkhanitsidwa m'malo amodzi kapena angapo, zomwe zimatha kutayikira panthawi ya mayeso a hydraulic.
Zifukwa za kuchepa kwa m'mimba (kumasuka):kutsika kwa voliyumu kumachitika pamene chitsulocho chalimba kuchokera kumadzi kupita ku malo olimba.Ngati palibe chitsulo chosungunula chokwanira pakali pano, kung'ambika kwazitsulo kudzachitika.The shrinkage cavity of castings zitsulo zimayamba chifukwa cha kuwongolera kosayenera kwa sequential solidification process.Zifukwa zingaphatikizepo makonzedwe olakwika okwera, kutentha kwambiri kuthira kwachitsulo chosungunuka, ndi kuchepa kwakukulu kwachitsulo.
Njira zopewera kuchepa kwa minyewa (kumasuka):① Pangani mwasayansi njira yothira yazitsulo kuti mukwaniritse kulimba motsatizana kwa chitsulo chosungunula, ndipo zigawo zomwe zimalimba ziyenera kuwonjezeredwa ndi chitsulo chosungunuka.②Ikani moyenera komanso moyenera chokwera, chothandizira, chitsulo chozizira chamkati ndi chakunja kuti mutsimikizire kukhazikika motsatizana.③Chitsulo chosungunuka chikatsanuliridwa, jekeseni wapamwamba kuchokera pachokwera ndi wopindulitsa kuonetsetsa kutentha kwa chitsulo chosungunuka ndi kudyetsa, komanso kuchepetsa kupezeka kwa mazenera.④ Pankhani ya kuthira liwiro, kuthira kocheperako kumathandizira kulimbitsa motsatizana kuposa kuthira mothamanga kwambiri.⑸Kutentha kusakhale kokwera kwambiri.Chitsulo chosungunuka chimachotsedwa mu ng'anjo pa kutentha kwakukulu ndikutsanuliridwa pambuyo pa sedation, zomwe zimapindulitsa kuchepetsa ming'oma ya shrinkage.
(3) Kuphatikizika kwa mchenga (slag):Kuphatikizika kwa mchenga (slag), komwe kumadziwika kuti matuza, ndi mabowo ozungulira kapena osakhazikika omwe amawonekera mkati mwazoponya.Mabowowo amasakanizidwa ndi mchenga woumba kapena zitsulo zachitsulo, zokhala ndi kukula kosawerengeka ndikuphatikizidwa mmenemo.Malo amodzi kapena angapo, nthawi zambiri kumtunda.
Zifukwa za kuphatikizika kwa mchenga (slag):Kuphatikizika kwa slag kumachitika chifukwa cha chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cholowera poponya pamodzi ndi chitsulo chosungunuka panthawi yosungunula kapena kuthira.Kuphatikizika kwa mchenga kumayamba chifukwa cha kulimba kosakwanira kwa nkhungu pakuwumba.Chitsulo chosungunukacho chikathiridwa m’bowolo, mchengawo umatsukidwa ndi chitsulo chosungunulacho n’kulowa m’kati mwa chitsulocho.Komanso, ntchito molakwika pa yokonza ndi kutseka bokosi, ndi chodabwitsa cha mchenga kugwa ndi zifukwa kuphatikizidwa mchenga.
Njira zopewera kuphatikizika kwa mchenga (slag):① Chitsulo chosungunuka chikasungunuka, utsi ndi slag ziyenera kuthetsedwa mokwanira momwe zingathere.② Yesetsani kuti musatembenuzire thumba lachitsulo chosungunuka, koma gwiritsani ntchito thumba la tiyi kapena thumba la pansi kuti muteteze chitsulo chomwe chili pamwamba pa chitsulocho kuti zisalowe m'bowo limodzi ndi chitsulo chosungunuka.③ Mukathira chitsulo chosungunula, njira ziyenera kuchitidwa kuti slag isalowe m'bowo ndi chitsulo chosungunuka.④Kuti muchepetse kuthekera kwa kuphatikizika kwa mchenga, onetsetsani kulimba kwa nkhungu yamchenga popanga chitsanzo, samalani kuti musataye mchenga pokonza, ndikuwomba chibowocho musanatseke bokosilo.
(4) Ming’alu:Ambiri mwa ming'alu ya ming'alu ndi ming'alu yotentha, yokhala ndi mawonekedwe osasinthika, olowera kapena osalowa, osapitirira kapena osakanikirana, ndipo zitsulo zomwe zimakhala pa ming'alu zimakhala zakuda kapena zimakhala ndi okosijeni pamwamba.
zifukwa za ming'alu, ndicho kupsinjika kwa kutentha kwakukulu ndi mawonekedwe a filimu yamadzimadzi.
Kupanikizika kwapamwamba kwambiri ndi kupsinjika maganizo komwe kumapangidwa ndi shrinkage ndi deformation ya chitsulo chosungunuka pa kutentha kwakukulu.Pamene kupanikizika kumaposa mphamvu kapena pulasitiki mapindikidwe malire a zitsulo kutentha uku, ming'alu zidzachitika.Kupindika kwa filimu yamadzimadzi ndi mapangidwe a filimu yamadzimadzi pakati pa njere za kristalo panthawi yolimba ndi crystallization ndondomeko yachitsulo chosungunuka.Ndi kupita patsogolo kwa solidification ndi crystallization, filimu yamadzimadzi imakhala yopunduka.Pamene kuchuluka kwa ma deformation ndi liwiro la deformation kupitilira malire ena, ming'alu imapangidwa.Kutentha kwa ming'alu yamafuta ndi pafupifupi 1200 ~ 1450 ℃.
Zomwe zimakhudza ming'alu:
① Zinthu za S ndi P muzitsulo ndi zinthu zovulaza ming'alu, ndipo ma eutectics awo ndi chitsulo amachepetsa mphamvu ndi pulasitiki yachitsulo chosungunuka pa kutentha kwakukulu, zomwe zimapangitsa ming'alu.
② Kuphatikizika kwa slag ndi tsankho muzitsulo kumawonjezera kupsinjika, motero kumawonjezera chizolowezi chosweka.
③ Kuchulukirachulukira kocheperako kwamtundu wachitsulo, kumapangitsanso chizolowezi chosweka.
④ Kuchuluka kwa matenthedwe amtundu wachitsulo, kumapangitsanso kugwedezeka kwapamwamba, kumapangitsa kuti makina azitha kutentha kwambiri, komanso kuchepa kwa chizolowezi chotentha.
⑤ Mapangidwe a ma castings ndi osapangidwa bwino, monga ngodya zazing'ono zozungulira, kusiyana kwakukulu kwa makulidwe a khoma, komanso kupsinjika kwakukulu, komwe kungayambitse ming'alu.
⑥Kuphatikizika kwa nkhungu yamchenga ndikokwera kwambiri, ndipo kusabereka bwino kwa pachimake kumalepheretsa kuponyera ndikuwonjezera ming'alu.
⑦ Zina, monga kusalinganika kosayenera kwa chokwera, kuzizira kwambiri kwa kuponyera, kupsinjika kwakukulu komwe kumachitika chifukwa chodula chokwera ndi chithandizo cha kutentha, ndi zina zotere zidzakhudzanso kupanga ming'alu.
Malinga ndi zomwe zimayambitsa komanso kukopa kwa ming'alu yomwe ili pamwambapa, njira zofananira zitha kuchitidwa kuti muchepetse ndikupewa kuchitika kwa ming'alu.
Kutengera kusanthula pamwamba pa zomwe zimayambitsa kuponyera zolakwika, kupeza zovuta zomwe zilipo ndikutenga njira zofananira zowongolera, titha kupeza njira yothetsera zolakwika zomwe zimathandizira kuwongolera khalidwe la kuponyera.
Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-31-2023